Cross-Country Comparisons of Covid-19: Policy, Politics and the Price of Life.

Coronavirus has claimed the lives of over half a million people world-wide and this death toll continues to rise rapidly each day. In the absence of a vaccine, non-clinical preventative measures have been implemented as the principal means of limiting deaths. However, these measures have caused unprecedented disruption to daily lives and economic activity. Given this developing crisis, the potential for a second wave of infections and the near certainty of future pandemics, lessons need to be rapidly gleaned from the available data. We address the challenges of cross-country comparisons by allowing for differences in reporting and variation in underlying socio-economic conditions between countries. Our analyses show that, to date, differences in policy interventions have out-weighed socio-economic variation in explaining the range of death rates observed in the data. Our epidemiological models show that across 8 countries a further week long delay in imposing lockdown would likely have cost more than half a million lives. Furthermore, those countries which acted more promptly saved substantially more lives than those that delayed. Linking decisions over the timing of lockdown and consequent deaths to economic data, we reveal the costs that national governments were implicitly prepared to pay to protect their citizens as reflected in the economic activity foregone to save lives. These 'price of life' estimates vary enormously between countries, ranging from as low as around $100,000 (e.g. the UK, US and Italy) to in excess of $1million (e.g. Denmark, Germany, New Zealand and Korea). The lowest estimates are further reduced once we correct for under-reporting of Covid-19 deaths.

[Analysis of body image perception of university students in navarra]. / ANÁLISIS DE LA PERCEPCIÓN DE LA IMAGEN CORPORAL QUE TIENEN LOS ESTUDIANTES UNIVERSITARIOS DE NAVARRA.

INTRODUCTION: Current models of beauty represent an extreme thinness in the women and a muscular body in the men. The body image perception will condition the search of ideal beauty through different behaviors and can be transform in eating disorders. The university students, with the changes typical of youth and university transition, are a vulnerable group. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the body image perception of university students in Navarra. METHODS: The study included 1162 subjects of which 64.2% were female. Students asked for a self-managed questionnaire and they were weighted and heighted to calculate the body mass index (BMI). Their body image perception were obtained asking the students to select a picture, according to their perception which corresponded to their current body image from nine different silhouettes for men and women. Their BMI were calculated and compared with their perceived BMI. RESULTS: 43.03% of students, overestimated their body image (10.65% in males and 59.69% in females) and 10.20% of students underestimated it. 46.75% of students had concordance between BMI and body image perception. DISCUSSION: There were more cases the alterations in the body image perception in women. In general, women saw themselves as being fatter than really were while men saw themselves as being thinner than they really were. The results shown that the women were more worried about their weight and body image than the men.

Introducción: Los modelos de belleza actuales representan una extremada delgadez en las mujeres y un cuerpo musculoso en los hombres. La propia percepción de imagen corporal va a condicionar la búsqueda del ideal de belleza, a través de diferentes conductas y comportamientos, que en último término pueden transformarse en trastornos de conducta alimentaria. Los jóvenes universitarios sometidos a los cambios propios de la juventud y de la transición universitaria, son un grupo de población especialmente vulnerable. Objetivo: El objetivo del estudio consistió en describir la percepción de la imagen corporal (PIC) de estudiantes universitarios en Navarra. Método: Se incluyeron 1.162 participantes de entre 17 y 35 años, que respondieron a un cuestionario de autocumplimentación anónimo y firmaron un consentimiento informado para someterse a mediciones antropométricas que permitieron calcular el índice de masa corporal. Para conocer la percepción de imagen corporal, los sujetos eligieron de entre 9 siluetas de hombres y mujeres, aquella con la que mejor se identificaban. Resultados: El 55,6% de los estudiantes tuvo una percepción de imagen corporal que no se correspondía con la realidad. Sobreestimando su índice de masa corporal el 9,7% de los hombres y el 58,1% de las mujeres. Discusión: Un alto porcentaje de universitarios tenían una percepción de imagen corporal que no se correspondía con la realidad, mostrando la preocupación de este grupo de población por su imagen corporal. Se identificaron más casos de alteración de la percepción de imagen corporal en mujeres, que en general sobreestimaban su índice de masa corporal. En los hombres, la tendencia era a subestimarlo. Coincidiendo con otras investigaciones, el sobrepeso/obesidad influye en la PIC. Los estudiantes más corpulentos, de ambos sexos, tendían a subestimar su índice de masa corporal.

Análisis de la percepción de la imagen corporal que tienen los estudiantes universitarios de Navarra / Analysis of body image perception of university students in Navarra

Introducción: Los modelos de belleza actuales representan una extremada delgadez en las mujeres y un cuerpo musculoso en los hombres. La propia percepción de imagen corporal va a condicionar la búsqueda del ideal de belleza, a través de diferentes conductas y comportamientos, que en último término pueden transformarse en trastornos de conducta alimentaria. Los jóvenes universitarios sometidos a los cambios propios de la juventud y de la transición universitaria, son un grupo de población especialmente vulnerable. Objetivo: El objetivo del estudio consistió en describir la percepción de la imagen corporal (PIC) de estudiantes universitarios en Navarra. Método: Se incluyeron 1.162 participantes de entre 17 y 35 años, que respondieron a un cuestionario de autocumplimentación anónimo y firmaron un consentimiento informado para someterse a mediciones antropométricas que permitieron calcular el índice de masa corporal. Para conocer la percepción de imagen corporal, los sujetos eligieron de entre 9 siluetas de hombres y mujeres, aquella con la que mejor se identificaban. Resultados: El 55,6% de los estudiantes tuvo una percepción de imagen corporal que no se correspondía con la realidad. Sobreestimando su índice de masa corporal el 9,7% de los hombres y el 58,1% de las mujeres. Discusión: Un alto porcentaje de universitarios tenían una percepción de imagen corporal que no se correspondía con la realidad, mostrando la preocupación de este grupo de población por su imagen corporal. Se identificaron más casos de alteración de la percepción de imagen corporal en mujeres, que en general sobreestimaban su índice de masa corporal. En los hombres, la tendencia era a subestimarlo. Coincidiendo con otras investigaciones, el sobrepeso/obesidad influye en la PIC. Los estudiantes más corpulentos, de ambos sexos, tendían a subestimar su índice de masa corporal (AU)

Introduction: Current models of beauty represent an extreme thinness in the women and a muscular body in the men. The body image perception will condition the search of ideal beauty through different behaviors and can be transform in eating disorders. The university students, with the changes typical of youth and university transition, are a vulnerable group. Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the body image perception of university students in Navarra. Methods: The study included 1162 subjects of which 64.2% were female. Students asked for a self-managed questionnaire and they were weighted and heighted to calculate the body mass index (BMI). Their body image perception were obtained asking the students to select a picture, according to their perception which corresponded to their current body image from nine different silhouettes for men and women. Their BMI were calculated and compared with their perceived BMI. Results: 43.03% of students, overestimated their body image (10.65% in males and 59.69% in females) and 10.20% of students underestimated it. 46.75% of students had concordance between BMI and body image perception. Discussion: There were more cases the alterations in the body image perception in women. In general, women saw themselves as being fatter than really were while men saw themselves as being thinner than they really were. The results shown that the women were more worried about their weight and body image than the men (AU)

Cambios en el consumo de tabaco de los estudiantes de la Universidad Pública de Navarra, España, durante el periodo universitario / Changes in the Tobacco Consumption of Students in Navarre, Spain, during their College Life / Análise do consumo de tabaco dos estudantes em Navarra, Espanha, durante o período acadêmico

Objetivo: Analizar los cambios que se producen en el patrón de consumo de tabaco de estudiantes de la Universidad Pública de Navarra, en el tercer curso de titulación versus el primero. Metodología: Estudio de cohorte descriptivo-observacional. Se autoaplicó un cuestionario, con preguntas sobre el consumo de tabaco. La utilización de una clave elaborada por el propio estudiante permitió enlazar los cuestionarios en los dos momentos del estudio, para asegurar la confidencialidad de los datos. Para el análisis estadístico de los datos se utilizó el paquete estadístico SPSS v21.0. Resultados: La cohorte la constituyeron 245 estudiantes: el 64,1% eran mujeres (n = 157), y el 35,9%, hombres (n = 88). El porcentaje de fumadores a diario descendió de un 24,5% en primer curso a un 23,7% en tercero, así como el porcentaje de fumadores ocasionales (de 21,6% a 20,8%). Sin embargo, el consumo medio de cigarrillos diario entre los fumadores aumentó de 10,30% a 11,02%. En las mujeres se observó la misma tendencia de cambio que en la media general: 2,8% el descenso de las fumadoras a diario y 1% las fumadoras ocasionales. Entre tanto, en los hombres aumentó el porcentaje de fumadores a diario (1,2%) y el de fumadores ocasionales (1,10%), así como el número medio de cigarrillos consumidos al día que se aumenta en 2,6. Conclusiones: Un alto porcentaje de estudiantes mantiene la frecuencia de consumo de tabaco durante la vida universitaria, que resultan porcentajes similares entre los que modifican su hábito aumentando o disminuyendo la frecuencia de consumo.

Objective: To analyze the change in the tobacco consumption of the university students during their university studies. Methodology: A descriptive cohort study of university students followed from the first to third year. An anonymous questionnaire was administered to the students. The use of a key generated by the student questionnaires allowed linking the two stages of the study, ensuring the confidentiality of data. A statistical package SPSS v210 was used for the statistical analysis of data. Results: The cohort consisting of 245 students, with 64.1% of female (n=157) and 35.9% male (n=88). The percentage of daily smokers decreased from 24.5% in the first year to 23.7% in the third, and the percentage of occasional smokers (from 21.6% to 20.8%). However, the average daily consumption of cigarettes among smokers increased from 10.30% to 11.02%. In women, the same trend of change in the overall average being 2.8% declining daily smokers and 1.0% the casual smokers was observed. However in men the percentage of daily smokers increased (1.2%) and occasional smokers (1.10%) and the average number of cigarettes smoked per day increases by 2.6. Conclusions: A high percentage of students support the frequency of consumption of tobacco during the university life, turning out to be similar percentages between those who modify smoking increasing or decreasing the frequency of consumption.

Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar as mudanças que ocorrem no padrão de consumo de tabaco por estudantes universitários no terceiro ano de estudo em relação ao primeiro ano. Metodologia: Estudo de coorte descritivo de uma coorte de estudantes universitários seguiu para o primeiro e terceiro ano os alunos. Autocuplimentación questionário com perguntas sobre o consumo de tabaco foi aprovada. O uso de uma chave gerada pelos questionários dos alunos autorizados a ligar as duas etapas do estudo, garantindo a confidencialidade dos dados. Para a análise estatística do pacote estatístico SPSSS dados v21.0 foi usado. Resultado: A coorte constituída 245 alunos, com 64,1% de participantes do sexo feminino (n = 157) e 35,9% do sexo masculino (n = 88). O percentual de fumantes diários diminuiu de 24,5% no primeiro ano para 23,7% no terceiro, eo percentual de fumantes ocasionais (de 21,6% para 20,8%). No entanto, o consumo médio diário de cigarros entre os fumantes aumentou 10,30%- 11,02%. Nas mulheres, a mesma tendência de mudança na média geral sendo 2,8% de declínio fumantes diários e 1% dos fumantes ocasionais foi observada. No entanto, em homens, aumentou o percentual de fumantes diários (1,2%) e fumantes ocasionais (1,10%) e do número médio de cigarros fumados por dia aumenta em 2.6. Conclusões: Uma elevada percentagem de estudantes mantém a frequência de consumo de tabaco durante a vida da faculdade, resultando em taxas similares entre aqueles que mudam de hábito, aumentando ou diminuindo a frequência de consumo.

How to apply for research grants in allergology.

This is a guide for grant application for researchers seeking research grants in the field of allergy and related diseases for the first time. It outlines how to organize proposals and the potential issues to be considered in order to fulfil the criteria of the funding bodies and thus improve chances of obtaining the desired funding when applying for a research grant. We will use this paper as an example of a grant proposal to be presented to the FIS "Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria" (Health Research Fund) of Spain. The general framework can be used for a research proposal to any funding agency. The main research designs are reviewed. Other topics such as hypothesis, objectives, methodology, ethics and legal issues, and budget are presented.

How to apply for research grants in allergology

This is a guide for grant application for researchers seeking research grants in the field of allergy and related diseases for the first time. It outlines how to organize proposals and the potential issues to be considered in order to fulfil the criteria of the funding bodies and thus improve chances of obtaining the desired funding when applying for a research grant. We will use this paper as an example of a grant proposal to be presented to the FIS “Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria” (Health Research Fund) of Spain. The general framework can be used for a research proposal to any funding agency. The main research designs are reviewed. Other topics such as hypothesis, objectives, methodology, ethics and legal issues, and budget are presented (AU)

No disponible